{"id":3082,"date":"2019-10-13T12:46:49","date_gmt":"2019-10-13T12:46:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/?p=3082"},"modified":"2023-04-08T19:14:17","modified_gmt":"2023-04-08T19:14:17","slug":"the-meaning-of-desu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/the-meaning-of-desu\/","title":{"rendered":"Til\u2019 Desu Do We Part: Everything to Know About \u201cDesu\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>img#mv-trellis-img-1::before{padding-top:150%; }img#mv-trellis-img-1{display:block;}<\/style><p><strong>&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> (desu) is one of the very first things you learn in Japanese. If you didn&rsquo;t see it for the first time in a text book, you noticed it in anime, attaching itself to the end of sentences like a period. It&rsquo;s <i>everywhere<\/i>. And how could it not be? It&rsquo;s the foundation of <i>being<\/i> itself.<\/p>\n<p>In this article, I&rsquo;m going to take you step-by-step through every single aspect of this word (well, cupola, well, &hellip; sigh. We&rsquo;ll get to it later). How to use it, how to pronounce it, and where it came from, plus a bunch of details in between. Way more than you imagined!<\/p>\n<p><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6807\" src=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20.jpg\" alt=\"Japanese DESU EXPLAINED\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20.jpg 320w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-561x842.jpg 561w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-364x546.jpg 364w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-728x1092.jpg 728w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-608x912.jpg 608w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-758x1137.jpg 758w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" data-pin-media=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20.jpg\"><\/noscript><img loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6807 eager-load\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%201500'%3E%3Crect%20width='1000'%20height='1500'%20style='fill:%23e3e3e3'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" alt=\"Japanese DESU EXPLAINED\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1500\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" data-pin-media=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20.jpg\" id=\"mv-trellis-img-1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20.jpg 320w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-561x842.jpg 561w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-364x546.jpg 364w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-728x1092.jpg 728w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-608x912.jpg 608w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Japanese-Desu-Tailwind-20-758x1137.jpg 758w\" data-svg=\"1\" data-trellis-processed=\"1\"><br>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What does <em>desu<\/em> mean?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12377; (desu) is usually pronounced &ldquo;des&rdquo; and is a verb&mdash;specifically a copula&mdash;placed at (or very near) the end of a sentence to state that something &ldquo;is,&rdquo; or &ldquo;exists.&rdquo; Basically, &ldquo;desu&rdquo; creates a declaration. &ldquo;Ka&rdquo; can be added to make it a question.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>What&rsquo;s it like? The easy part<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>&ldquo;Desu&rdquo; is written in <i>kana<\/i>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/japanese-alphabets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the phonetic sorta-alphabet<\/a><\/strong> (really a syllabary) used to write parts of Japanese (you read that right&mdash;only <i>parts<\/i> of Japanese are written in Kana. A total of 4&mdash;count &lsquo;em, <i>four<\/i>&mdash;different types of writing are used in <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/study-japanese\/\" title=\"Japanese\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">Japanese<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Most often you&rsquo;ll see it written in <i>hiragana<\/i> as <strong>&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> (de-su). Occasionally, you might see it written in <i>katakana<\/i> as <strong>&#12487;&#12473;<\/strong>. When written in <i>katakana<\/i> it can mean something different, but we&rsquo;ll get to that later.<\/p>\n<p>Since it&rsquo;s written as &ldquo;desu&rdquo; you might think you would pronounce it as &ldquo;deh-soo,&rdquo; but that&rsquo;s not the case. For all intents and purposes, it&rsquo;s pronounced &ldquo;des&rdquo; (<i>dehs<\/i>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>How do you use it? The Harder Part<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>So, we&rsquo;re going to have to learn a little English to continue learning Japanese. Unless you&rsquo;re a grammar nerd (or were a particularly diligent student), you&rsquo;ve never heard the term &ldquo;copula.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>The copula has a pretty simple job. It connects a noun to a predicate, aka the verb giving information about the sentence. In Japanese, the desu copula is its own predicate.<\/p>\n<p>In its most simple form, we use desu to create a declaration. &ldquo;X is Y.&rdquo; Or, &ldquo;X is.&rdquo; This usually comes in the form of X<strong>&#12399;<\/strong>Y<strong>&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong>. We can drop the <strong>&#12399;<\/strong>Y part to make the declarative X<strong>&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong>. We can also drop the <strong>&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> and retain the meaning, but the assertive feeling of the statement is dampened.<\/p>\n<p>Let&rsquo;s try some examples to illustrate:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12506;&#12531;&#12399;&#38738;&#12356;&#12391;&#12377;&#12290;<\/strong><br>\nPen wa aoi desu.<br>\nThe pen is blue.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12506;&#12531;&#12391;&#12377;&#12290;<\/strong><br>\nPen desu.<br>\nIt&rsquo;s a pen. (They&rsquo;re pens.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#38738;&#12356;&#12391;&#12377;&#12290;<\/strong><br>\nAoi desu.<br>\nIt&rsquo;s blue.<\/p>\n<p>You may have noticed the parenthetical on the second example. Japanese doesn&rsquo;t distinguish between &ldquo;is&rdquo; and &ldquo;are.&rdquo; That&rsquo;s something to keep in mind going forward.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Time for Tense<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Tense in Japanese is a sticky situation. For present and future, you&rsquo;re going largely on context. For past tense, luckily, we get a nice, simple conjugation.<\/p>\n<p>For the past tense, desu becomes deshita (<strong>&#12391;&#12377;&rarr;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383;<\/strong>). You use it exactly the same way.<\/p>\n<p>There&rsquo;s another layer to this tense thing, though. To negate a verb, there&rsquo;s no word you use. In fact, Japanese verbs come with their very own conjugations of each tense to create negation. In this case we get:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;<\/strong> (written, present negation)<br>\ndewaarimasen<br>\n<strong>&#12376;&#12419;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;<\/strong> (spoken, present negation)<br>\njaarimasen<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12394;&#12356;&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> (written, present, stronger negation)<br>\ndewanai-desu<br>\n<strong>&#12376;&#12419;&#12394;&#12356;&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> (spoken, present, stronger negation)<br>\njanai-desu<\/p>\n<p>Alright, now we just have to take these and make the negations past tense as well.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383;<\/strong> (written, past negation)<br>\ndewaarimasen-deshita<br>\n<strong>&#12376;&#12419;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383;<\/strong> (spoken, past negation)<br>\njaarimasen-deshita<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12394;&#12363;&#12387;&#12383;&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> (written, past, stronger negation)<br>\ndewanakatta-desu<br>\n<strong>&#12376;&#12419;&#12394;&#12363;&#12387;&#12383;&#12391;<\/strong>&#12377; (spoken, past, stronger negation)<br>\njanakatta-desu<\/p>\n<p>And all of that? That&rsquo;s just the polite form.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Down to Earth: the casual (plain) forms of desu<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Desu is the polite form of the copula. If we want to bring things down a level to the plain form, we do the following:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12377; &rarr; &#12384;<\/strong><br>\ndesu &rarr; da<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12376;&#12419;&#12394;&#12356;&#12391;&#12377; &rarr; &#12376;&#12419;&#12394;&#12356;<\/strong><br>\njanaidesu &rarr; janai<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12375;&#12383; &rarr; &#12384;&#12387;&#12383;<\/strong><br>\ndeshita &rarr; datta<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12376;&#12419;&#12394;&#12363;&#12387;&#12383;&#12391;&#12377; &rarr; &#12376;&#12419;&#12394;&#12363;&#12387;&#12383;<\/strong><br>\njanakatta-desu &rarr; janakatta<\/p>\n<p>To make a super-colloquial version of desu, use ssu (<strong>&#12391;&#12377;&rarr; &#12387;&#12377;<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Cranking it up: humble desu and beyond<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>If you&rsquo;re talking to the CEO, a customer, or perhaps your s.o.&rsquo;s parents, you might want to make your speech a little more formal. To do this, we turn desu into a few different things. First, let&rsquo;s look at how to speak humbly about ourselves:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12377; &rarr; &#12391;&#12372;&#12374;&#12356;&#12414;&#12377;<\/strong><br>\ndesu &rarr; degozaimasu<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435; &rarr; &#12391;&#12399;&#12372;&#12374;&#12356;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;<\/strong><br>\ndewaarimasen &rarr; dewagozaimasen<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12375;&#12383; &rarr; &#12391;&#12372;&#12374;&#12356;&#12414;&#12375;&#12383;<\/strong><br>\ndeshita &rarr; degozaimashita<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383; &rarr; &#12391;&#12399;&#12372;&#12374;&#12356;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383;<\/strong><br>\ndewaarimasen-deshita &rarr; dewagozaimasen-deshita<\/p>\n<p>If you get sent back in time to fuedal Japan and need to go undercover as a samurai, you can always break out &ldquo;degozaru&rdquo; (<strong>&#12391;&#12372;&#12374;&#12427;<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>If we want to go the other direction and speak &ldquo;honorifically&rdquo; about someone else (&#8232;e.g. &ldquo;He is the CEO&rdquo;), then we use these:<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12377; &rarr; &#12391;&#12356;&#12425;&#12387;&#12375;&#12419;&#12356;&#12414;&#12377;<\/strong><br>\ndesu &rarr; deirasshaimasu<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435; &rarr; &#12391;&#12356;&#12425;&#12387;&#12375;&#12419;&#12356;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;<\/strong><br>\ndewaarimasen &rarr; deirasshaimasen<\/p>\n<p>&#12391;&#12375;&#12383; &rarr; &#12391;&#12356;&#12425;&#12387;&#12375;&#12419;&#12356;&#12414;&#12375;&#12383;<br>\ndeshita &rarr; deirasshaimashita<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#12391;&#12399;&#12354;&#12426;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383; &rarr; &#12391;&#12356;&#12425;&#12387;&#12375;&#12419;&#12356;&#12414;&#12379;&#12435;&#12391;&#12375;&#12383;<\/strong><br>\ndewaarimasen-deshita &rarr; deirasshaimasen-deshita<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Regional Desu<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Of course, because this is Japan we&rsquo;re talking about, nothing&rsquo;s easy. If you travel to the Kansai region (think Osaka, Kyoto, and Kobe) then desu becomes ya (<strong>&#12391;&#12377;&rarr; &#12420;<\/strong>). Keep going west and it becomes ja (<strong>&#12376;&#12419;<\/strong>). Further south, cha (<strong>&#12385;&#12419;<\/strong>) gets added in. Some areas use all of these, or a few, or&hellip; Uh, just ask a local when you arrive.<\/p>\n<p>And if you&rsquo;re talking to an old person, note that they tend to say ja instead of desu.<\/p>\n<p><b>Bill &amp; Ted&rsquo;s Nihongo Adventure<\/b><\/p>\n<p>If you get sent back in time to feudal Japan and need to go undercover as a samurai, you can always break out &ldquo;degozaru&rdquo; (<strong>&#12391;&#12372;&#12374;&#12427;<\/strong>) instead of desu for the humble form.<\/p>\n<p>Beyond that, in classical Japanese you&rsquo;ll see niari (<strong>&#12395;&#12354;&#12426;<\/strong>), nari (<strong>&#12394;&#12426;<\/strong>), and tari (<strong>&#12383;&#12426;<\/strong>). I&rsquo;m not going to go into a full breakdown of these because:<\/p>\n<p>A) My grasp of regular Japanese is slippery enough without diving into the wild world of Classical Japanese.<\/p>\n<p>B) Anyone who needs to know these will probably have a big, smart textbook in front of them when they use &lsquo;em.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Where did desu come from?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Ya&rsquo;ll know I love giving you a good origin story for these words. Unfortunately, the etymology on this one is neither concrete, nor particularly interesting.<\/p>\n<p>Desu seems to have many competing ancestors, namely the contracted forms of either de-sou, de-arimasu, de-aru, de-ohasu, de-gozaimasu, de-suru, or de-sourou. Of those, only the first two seem to have much backing behind them.<\/p>\n<p>Desu first shows up during the Muromachi period (1337-1573), the time immediately before the world-famous Sengoku and Edo periods that feature everyone&rsquo;s favorite samurai stories. The word is used at the time primarily in Kyogen and Noh plays as a way to declare the entrance of daimyo, high officials, monks, and demons. Later, it was used in daily speech by &ldquo;ruffians and prostitutes.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>It wasn&rsquo;t until the end of the Edo period (around the mid-19th century) that the word began to resemble its current usage. After the Meiji period ended, desu began to be used widely.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Changing desu<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>You&rsquo;ve probably noticed that desu doesn&rsquo;t always (or even usually) come alone. There&rsquo;s typically all these extra sounds tacked to the end. &ldquo;Ka&rdquo; (<strong>&#12363;<\/strong>), &ldquo;ne&rdquo; (<strong>&#12397;<\/strong>), and &ldquo;yo&rdquo; (<strong>&#12424;<\/strong>) being the most common you probably hear. So, let&rsquo;s go through them.<\/p>\n<p>Desuka (<strong>&#12391;&#12377;&#12363;<\/strong>) turns the declaration into a question. &rdquo;Ka&rdquo; basically acts like a verbal question mark here.<\/p>\n<p>Desuyo (<strong>&#12391;&#12377;&#12424;<\/strong>) adds emphasis to the declaration. In this case, it&rsquo;s like an exclamation point.<\/p>\n<p>Desune (<strong>&#12391;&#12377;&#12397;<\/strong>) adds something like, &ldquo;isn&rsquo;t it?&rdquo; to the end.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>The <i>other<\/i> desu<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Remember how I mentioned the two different syllabic writing systems? Well, while desu can be written as either <strong>&#12391;&#12377;<\/strong> or <strong>&#12487;&#12473;<\/strong>, most commonly when it&rsquo;s written as <strong>&#12487;&#12473;<\/strong> it means &ldquo;death.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>This is a case of Japanese using katakana to Japanify an English loan word. If you think about it, &ldquo;des&rdquo; can sound a bit like &ldquo;death&rdquo; if the &ldquo;th&rdquo; sound isn&rsquo;t made properly. That&rsquo;s where it comes from.<\/p>\n<p>This word, as far as I can tell, is only used when writing things that come from English, or to give a sort of English flair.<\/p>\n<p>So, for example, &ldquo;death metal&rdquo; is written as &ldquo;desu-metaru&rdquo; or <strong>&#12487;&#12473;&#12513;&#12479;&#12523;<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Usually, the idea of &ldquo;death&rdquo; is said as &ldquo;shi&rdquo; and written as &#12375; or <strong>&#27515;<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h1><b>That&rsquo;s all folks<\/b><\/h1>\n<p>There you have it, an utterly comprehensive overview of the word &ldquo;desu.&rdquo; I hope I cleared up all the possibly mysteries of this deceptively un-simple word.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Related Questions<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>What is a kawaii desu?<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Kawaii&rdquo; means something like &ldquo;cute&rdquo; (it&rsquo;s more nuanced than that&mdash;a lot more&mdash;but it&rsquo;s a perfectly fine shorthand for now). And desu, as described above, means &ldquo;is.&rdquo; So, it means, &ldquo;It&rsquo;s cute.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i> What is kawai desu ne?<\/i><\/strong><br>\nFollowing from the above question, this just means, &ldquo;It&rsquo;s cute, isn&rsquo;t it?&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Do you say the u in desu?<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Nope. Desu sounds like &ldquo;dess.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>What does desu mean after a name?<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;re just stating a name in these cases. So, you could use it to introduce yourself.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Bob desu.&rdquo;<br>\n&ldquo;I&rsquo;m Bob.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Note, that this is somewhat casual&mdash;not good for introducing yourself to a new boss, probably.<\/p>\n<p>You could also introduce someone else, relying on some context to indicate that.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Sarah desu.&rdquo;<br>\n&ldquo;This is Sarah.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>And you can use it for other names as well. For example, saying the name of the store you&rsquo;re in.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Uniqlo desu.&rdquo;<br>\n&ldquo;This is Uniqlo.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Is desu a particle?<\/i><\/strong><br>\nNo, it&rsquo;s not a particle. It&rsquo;s a sort of verb&mdash;a copula. Particles can&rsquo;t be changed and are just used to show how things connect grammatically. Desu <i>can<\/i> be conjugated and makes a direct statement about things.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>What does desu mean in 4chan?<\/i><\/strong><br>\nDesu got used as a spam attack on 4chan many years ago by writing the word over and over and over. It&rsquo;s also used with some frequency by anime fans by placing desu at the end of their English sentences. A rather&hellip; strange quirk, to be sure. It&rsquo;s now used in memes in general for funny effect or to mock fans of Japanese media.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is MUCH MORE to \u201cDesu\u201d than you possibly would have thought!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3086,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable-in-feed":false,"article-schema-type":"","disable-critical-css":false,"_convertkit_action_broadcast_export":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-japanese"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3082"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3082\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24263,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3082\/revisions\/24263"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}