{"id":7091,"date":"2020-07-27T17:43:06","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T17:43:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/?p=7091"},"modified":"2023-03-27T17:52:07","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T17:52:07","slug":"business-japanese-vocabulary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/business-japanese-vocabulary\/","title":{"rendered":"Business Japanese: More Than Just Vocabulary!"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>img#mv-trellis-img-1::before{padding-top:150%; }img#mv-trellis-img-1{display:block;}<\/style><p>Speaking proper Japanese in a business setting opens a whole can of worms on the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/study-japanese-beginners\/\">language learning experience<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>It&rsquo;s not enough to know the right words&mdash;you have to know when to use them, how to conjugate them, how to understand the ever-present sub-text, and, finally, how to use your body appropriately.<\/p>\n<p>That&rsquo;s right, learning business Japanese requires a full body-mind suite of skills.<\/p>\n<p><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7144\" src=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated.jpg\" alt=\"Business Japanese Vocabulary Pinterest Updated\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated.jpg 320w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-768x1152.jpg 768w, 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src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%201500'%3E%3Crect%20width='1000'%20height='1500'%20style='fill:%23e3e3e3'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" alt=\"Business Japanese Vocabulary Pinterest Updated\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1500\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" data-pin-media=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated.jpg\" id=\"mv-trellis-img-1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated.jpg 320w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-561x842.jpg 561w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-364x546.jpg 364w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-728x1092.jpg 728w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-608x912.jpg 608w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Business-Japanese-Vocabulary-Pinterest-Updated-758x1137.jpg 758w\" data-svg=\"1\" data-trellis-processed=\"1\"><br>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Business Japanese (Vocabulary)<\/h2>\n<p><b>To speak good business Japanese, you need to nail down good customs (like bowing, business card procedure, etc), keigo (including teineigo, sonkeigo, and kenjogo), and some basic vocabulary.<\/b><br>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Business Japanese: The lay of the land<\/h2>\n<p>So, how are we going to tackle this? This article is going to break things down into three categories, what I&rsquo;ll call the three K&rsquo;s. &ldquo;Kustoms, keigo, and keywords.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>In the first category, we&rsquo;ll go over things like bowing, business cards, and handshakes.<\/p>\n<p>They may not <i>seem<\/i> like a part of the language at first, but I assure you that in every important way they are.<\/p>\n<p>If you need help knowing how to behave in a Japanese business setting, head on down to this section.<\/p>\n<p>The second category will deal with the multitude of layers of speech patterns necessary to communicate in a proper way.<\/p>\n<p>This will include three layers of conjugation, as well as some straightforward affixes.<\/p>\n<p>If your issue is with grammar and\/or how to differentiate the different <i>types<\/i> of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/how-to-say-sorry-in-japanese\/\">polite speech<\/a><\/strong>, head down here.<\/p>\n<p>The last category is basically just going to be a big &lsquo;ol vocab list that I hope will be helpful and get you started.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>English: a quick comparison<\/h2>\n<p>Sure, you say, Japanese has special ways of speaking for business, but so does every language&mdash;what gives?<\/p>\n<p>Absolutely. I&rsquo;m one of the first evangelists of the church of &ldquo;Japan isn&rsquo;t that special.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>But even so, it has some pretty distinct idiosyncrasies that will be easy to trip over if you&rsquo;re not from Japan, and especially if you&rsquo;re not from an east Asian culture from a similar historical and philosophical background.<\/p>\n<p>English, no doubt, has lots of rules for politeness. When I teach English to Japanese people, I refer to it as &ldquo;eigo-no-keigo,&rdquo; or &ldquo;English polite language.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;d never go up to your stodgy boss and say, &ldquo;Yo, gimmie that pen.&rdquo; Well, not unless you were trying to get fired. You&rsquo;d say, &ldquo;Hey, sorry, would you mind if I borrowed a pen for a second?&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>In there we have the nature of becoming obsequious (sorry), polite conjugation (would), indistinction (a), and a shortening of time (a second).<\/p>\n<p>What we really want to say is, &ldquo;Hey, can I have your pen?&rdquo; But we can&rsquo;t say that without being considered rude. It&rsquo;s very similar in Japanese.<\/p>\n<p>However, while in English, that sentence could be manipulated in many ways to achieve the same effect, there is <i>less<\/i> room for wiggling in Japanese.<\/p>\n<p>And, as long as you&rsquo;re behaving in congruity with the overall office environment, there&rsquo;s no need to pay attention to how you <i>physically<\/i> come across in the interaction.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, there is no special word for &ldquo;have,&rdquo; here.<\/p>\n<p>The verbs remain as they would be in casual English. This will not be so certain in Japanese.<\/p>\n<p>And, finally, there are the concepts which are missing entirely.<\/p>\n<p>While in English you would refer to your boss either as &ldquo;you,&rdquo; or with &ldquo;Mr\/Mrs\/Ms,&rdquo; or by their first name (all with their own rather interesting rules), in Japanese, you would be somewhat bound by social form to use very specific name-ender honorifics along with their last name in order to be polite.<\/p>\n<p>And the consequences for crossing boundaries would be more severe in Japan than in English.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Japanese Business Customs: Bowing<\/h2>\n<p>Let&rsquo;s start with the granddaddy of a Japanese customs, and one which will serve you well in <i>all<\/i> situations, not just business.<\/p>\n<p>Let&rsquo;s dive into the <i>o-ji-gi<\/i>. In Japanese, you write this as &#12362;&#36766;&#20736;.<\/p>\n<p>That breaks down into an honorific prefix, the character for &ldquo;expression,&rdquo; and the character for &ldquo;ceremony.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s a ceremonial expression.<\/p>\n<p>In some sense, it&rsquo;s no different than a handshake in the Western world.<\/p>\n<p>Even if you&rsquo;ve never been explicitly taught how to shake hands, there are certain things you feel about someone if you shake their hand (or watch them do so).<\/p>\n<p>A handshake offered at shoulder height will make you seem strange and off-putting. A flimsy handshake will make you seem weak.<\/p>\n<p>The inability to &ldquo;read the room&rdquo; and move from a handshake into a fist-pump will show you as a member of an out-group.<\/p>\n<p>In a very similar way, inappropriately bowing will make you come off wrong. In a business situation, this can be a serious situation.<\/p>\n<p>So, what are the features of all bows in Japan?<\/p>\n<p>First, you want to have a straight back and also keep your eyes forward. That means no eye-contact (in most situations). Also, ensure that you&rsquo;re not rushing the process.<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;ll also want to keep your hands on your legs, allowing them to move down your legs as you bend forward.<\/p>\n<p>While there&rsquo;s a time an a place for a quick bow, most situations call for an unhurried movement, the whole bow taking place of the span of roughly two breaths.<\/p>\n<p>Let&rsquo;s start from the least intense of these bows.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Moku-rei (&#30446;&#31036;)<\/h2>\n<p>First, there is &#30446;&#31036;, aka the <i>moku-rei<\/i>. That&rsquo;s the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/how-many-kanji-to-be-fluent\/\">kanji<\/a><\/strong> for &ldquo;eye&rdquo; followed by the kanji for &ldquo;bow.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>This particular bit of body language should be reasonably familiar to Westerners as we have a fairly similar way of communicating silent with each other.<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, this bow would never be used for higher-ups, or those you&rsquo;re unfamiliar with (regardless of their position relative to you), but rather it&rsquo;s used between friends as a very casual show of friendly respect.<\/p>\n<p>In English, we&rsquo;d usually call this the head nod. It&rsquo;s not 100% the same thing (in fact, it&rsquo;s probably <i>more<\/i> pronounced in a Western context), but it&rsquo;s close.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Eshaku (&#20250;&#37320;)<\/h2>\n<p>This one uses the kanji for &ldquo;meeting&rdquo; and &ldquo;explanation.&rdquo; It gives a sense of being a sort of elaboration on meeting someone.<\/p>\n<p>This bow is mostly for your co-workers, acquaintances, and people you&rsquo;re friendly with. This process asks you to bend forward at the waist so that you are fifteen degrees forward.<\/p>\n<p>Again, eyes move with your body, so you would be looking at the ground, not at the person you&rsquo;re bowing to.<\/p>\n<p>This one&rsquo;s pretty casual. A good all-around bow for anyone you wouldn&rsquo;t be attaching a &ldquo;-sama&rdquo; to.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Kei-rei (&#25964;&#31036;)<\/h2>\n<p>This word uses the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/japanese-alphabets\/\">kanji<\/a><\/strong> for &ldquo;respect&rdquo; and &ldquo;bow.&rdquo; Pretty self-explanitory.<\/p>\n<p>This is going to be the most useful bow for business. This particular set of motions will find everything almost the same, except now you move to a thirty degree position.<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;ll use this with anyone sort of power over or ranking above you. That means bosses, visiting business partners, and customers, just to name a few.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Saikei-rei (&#26368;&#25964;&#31036;)<\/h2>\n<p>This word takes the previous and adds the kanji for &ldquo;most&rdquo; to the front. So, basically, &ldquo;most respectful bow.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;ll be breaking this one out to meet extremely important people, or to apologize for serious screw ups.<\/p>\n<p>This bow will find you folding yourself over to anywhere from a forty-five degree to a seventy degree angle.<\/p>\n<p>How deep you bow will depend on how important the person is, or how much you need to express your regret.<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;ll also need to hold yourself here for significantly longer than usual, sometimes until you are verbally told to stand, or until the person leaves the area.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Seiza and (&#27491;&#24231;) &amp; Za-rei (&#24231;&#31036;)<\/h2>\n<p>All of these bows can be adapted to the sitting position with little change at all. Any bow performed while sitting will fall into the category of &ldquo;zarei.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Usually you&rsquo;ll be in the <i>seiza<\/i> (&#27491;&#24231;) position when you perform zarei.<\/p>\n<p>Seiza is where your legs are folded together underneath you and you sit back on your heels.<\/p>\n<p>Take note! The seiza position can be uncomfortable&mdash;even excruciatingly so&mdash;for people not used to it.<\/p>\n<p>Yes, that includes Japanese people themselves, if they don&rsquo;t do it often.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to go the extra mile and be able to sit in seiza in a Japanese business setting, it&rsquo;s best to start &ldquo;practicing&rdquo; early.<\/p>\n<p>Sit in seiza every day, each day trying to last a little bit longer.<\/p>\n<p>If you can train yourself to sit for at least thirty minutes, you&rsquo;ll be set for most business situations (usually it&rsquo;s okay to switch from seiza to another position after the formalities are over).<\/p>\n<p>Careful standing up! Even well-practiced seiza-sitters will have stiff\/asleep legs after sitting for a long time!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Handshakes (&#25569;&#25163;)<\/h2>\n<p>This word uses the characters for &ldquo;grip&rdquo; and &ldquo;hand.&rdquo; You pronounce it aku-shu.<\/p>\n<p>So what happens when you <i>do<\/i> need to shake hands in Japan?<\/p>\n<p>This is going to require a delicate touch and the willingness to respond naturally to the person you&rsquo;re engaging with.<\/p>\n<p>Don&rsquo;t offer your hand if they don&rsquo;t offer theirs. Follow their lead. If they offer, shake.<\/p>\n<p>If they give a strong grip, grip strongly. If they grip weakly, go weak. If they bow while shaking, then you should do likewise.<\/p>\n<p>This part can be tricky, but the sense of uncertainty is probably mirrored on both sides.<\/p>\n<p>It&rsquo;s two cultural practices coming together and everyone trying to accommodate the other. Go with the flow!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Business Cards (&#21517;&#21050;)<\/h2>\n<p>In Japan, business cards are called <i>meishi<\/i>, using the characters for &ldquo;name&rdquo; and &ldquo;card,&rdquo; respectively.<\/p>\n<p>While they may look like Western business cards, the whole practice is completely foreign, as far as I&rsquo;m concerned at least.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, this is the one I struggle with the most, even more than handshakes or bowing.<\/p>\n<p>There are many rules, and to a non-Japanese person they may seem unintuitive at first.<\/p>\n<p>First off, business cards get exchanged at the <i>start<\/i> of the interaction. You will want to offer your card with <i>both<\/i> hands and accept the other person&rsquo;s with both hands as well.<\/p>\n<p>Do <i>not<\/i> just put the card away! Examine it a bit. Make a comment, or ask questions.<\/p>\n<p>If, perhaps, you can&rsquo;t read or pronounce the person&rsquo;s name, now&rsquo;s a great time to ask. Do not write on the card!<\/p>\n<p>When you&rsquo;ve finished the pleasantries, refrain from putting the card into your pocket, or your wallet.<\/p>\n<p>Have a business card holder at hand to store them.<\/p>\n<p>Okay, those are the &ldquo;official&rdquo; rules. That said, of all the Japanese practices I&rsquo;ve encountered, my anecdotal experience is that this is the one they&rsquo;re most likely to bend on themselves, and certainly the one they&rsquo;re most likely to let you slide with.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, several Japanese people I&rsquo;ve spoken to have expressed their own bafflement at the business card culture.<\/p>\n<p>I, for one, have never owned a card holder, so, usually, the person presenting the card will simply tell me it&rsquo;s alright to put it in my pocket.<\/p>\n<p>As always, feel out the situation and act accordingly.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Money Money Money Monaaaaayyy &amp; Me me me!<\/h2>\n<p>Here&rsquo;s quick one! In Japan, the &ldquo;OK&rdquo; hand gesture means &ldquo;money.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>And in Japan they point to their own face to indicate themselves (in the West we usually point to our.<\/p>\n<p>These aren&rsquo;t &ldquo;business&rdquo; rules, per se, but they&rsquo;re very common and easy to get confused on and could cause friction if misunderstood in a <a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/best-conversation-starters-for-business\/\">business setting<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Symbols of Death<\/h2>\n<p>In the West, we tend to think of 13 as the big bad number. It&rsquo;s different in Japan, where 13 is just another number.<\/p>\n<p>In Japan, the numbers to watch out for are 4 and 9. Why&rsquo;s that? Well, it&rsquo;s a little more explicit than the explanation for 13 in English. In Japan, 4 (&#22235;) can be pronounced <i>shi<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>That same pronunciation can be used for the word for death, &#27515;.<\/p>\n<p>Because of this, gifts that come in fours, the fourth floor of a building, and anything else can be considered bad luck (side note: we focus on positivity here on Linguaholic, though.<\/p>\n<p>So, if you would learn <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/good-luck-in-japanese\/\">how to say good luck in Japanese, here&rsquo;s a nice little article for you<\/a><\/strong>!)<\/p>\n<p>In fact, when you need to count, you&rsquo;ll use the pronunciation <i>yon<\/i> for four.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, one pronunciation of 9 (&#20061;) is <i>ku<\/i>, which in other circumstances can mean something like &ldquo;suffering.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>For that reason, you&rsquo;ll avoid 9 in the same way. And if you need to say the number 9, you&rsquo;ll want to use the slightly different pronunciation <i>kyu<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>A few last &ldquo;Kustoms&rdquo;<\/h2>\n<p>Personal questions, sarcasm, plain suit, state business affiliation,<\/p>\n<p>First, get comfortable with questions that you might find personal.<\/p>\n<p>Age, race, weight, etc&mdash;these are all possibly in play during conversation. Don&rsquo;t get shaken!<\/p>\n<p>Avoid sarcasm. It&rsquo;s a myth that Japanese doesn&rsquo;t have sarcasm, but it&rsquo;s culturally specific and not worth making a faux pas over. Stay literal!<\/p>\n<p>Wear a plain dark grey or blue suit with a conservative tie.<\/p>\n<p>State your business affiliation when introducing yourself.<\/p>\n<p>Be wary of anything that sounds &ldquo;affirmative.&rdquo; Whether expressed in Japanese or English, a &ldquo;Yes,&rdquo; &ldquo;I understand,&rdquo; or &ldquo;We&rsquo;ll think it over,&rdquo; needs to be evaluated in context, and clarified if possible.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;We&rsquo;ll think about it,&rdquo; can simply be a &ldquo;no.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;I understand&rdquo; or &ldquo;yes,&rdquo; can often simply be a way to confirm they are merely listening. Ensure the situation before moving on.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Getting Into the Language: Keigo<\/h2>\n<p>Keigo is a foundational part of the Japanese language no matter what situation or social strata you&rsquo;re in.<\/p>\n<p>That said, nowhere is it going to be <i>more<\/i> important than in business (well, except if you meet the emperor&hellip; or your partner&rsquo;s parents!).<\/p>\n<p>We&rsquo;re going to keep things relatively simple and break keigo down into three somewhat simple categories. There&rsquo;s <i>teineigo, sonkeigo<\/i>, and <i>kenjougo<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Teineigo: polite speech<\/h2>\n<p>Teineigo is written &#19969;&#23527;&#35486; and is basically &ldquo;polite speech.&rdquo; This is your go-to for any general situation where you need\/want to be polite.<\/p>\n<p>This form basically shows respect to your listeners.<\/p>\n<p>It&rsquo;s also probably the most straightforward of the bunch. You don&rsquo;t have to switch out words, just mind your conjugations.<\/p>\n<p>For Teineigo, you&rsquo;ll need to remember three rules: conjugate your verbs into the -masu form, make sure you have your desu\/deshita on nouns, and toss an o- or go- at the beginning of nouns.<\/p>\n<p>There&rsquo;s no perfect rule for which words get o- and which get go-, but a safe rule of thumb is <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/japanese-alphabets\/\">Japanese-origin words<\/a><\/strong> get o-, and Chinese-origin words get go-.<\/p>\n<p>Oh, and some words <i>cannot<\/i> receive either. You&rsquo;ll need to become aware of these rules as you go.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Sonkeigo: honorific speech<\/h2>\n<p>Things start to get more tricky here with sonkeigo, written &#23562;&#25964;&#35486;, the Japanese honorific speech form.<\/p>\n<p>This way of speaking shows <i>direct<\/i> respect to the listener, usually referring to their actions, elevating their position.<\/p>\n<p>With sonkeigo we start to see verb replacements.<\/p>\n<p>That is to say that in order to show honor or humility, you will need to use <i>entirely different<\/i> words in many cases to be proper. Here&rsquo;s a list to get you started:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 221px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Meaning <\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Regular <\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Humble <\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">To do <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">suru <\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">nasaru<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">To go<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">iku<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">irassharu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">To come<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">kuru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">irassharu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to exist<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">iru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">irassharu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to look<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">miru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">goran&rsquo;ninaru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to say<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">iu<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">ossharu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to give<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">kureru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">kudasaru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to eat<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">taberu<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">meshiagaru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to drink<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">nomu<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">meshiagaru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 65px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to know<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">shiru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 96px;\" align=\"left\">gozonjidesu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now, for verbs that <i>don&rsquo;t<\/i> fall into this category, we have some other conjugation rules.<\/p>\n<p>You will start with o- then use the polite form stem and end with <i>ninarimasu<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Note: The polite form stem is going to be the polite form verb with the &ldquo;masu&rdquo; cut off. For example, <i>tabemasu<\/i> becomes <i>tabe-<\/i>; <i>nomimasu<\/i> becomes <i> nomi-<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>You can also choose to use the passive conjugation of the verb.<\/p>\n<p>This works by turning the last vowel into an &ldquo;a&rdquo; sound, then adding -reru to the end. For example:<\/p>\n<p>Taberu &gt; taberareru<br>\nNomu &gt; nomareru<br>\nSuru &gt; sareru<\/p>\n<p>Why would you want to use the passive form? For one, it sounds a little less formal, so that can be useful.<\/p>\n<p>Note that you can&rsquo;t use this for the potential conjugation, as it&rsquo;s the same form, so you&rsquo;ll need to use one of the above conjugations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Kenjougo<\/h2>\n<p>This form is fairly similar in its complexity to sonkeigo.<\/p>\n<p>Kanjougo is written &#35609;&#35698;&#35486; and is used to convey humility and shows respect for those you&rsquo;re speaking to who are the recipients of your actions.<\/p>\n<p>To start with, this form also includes some verb substitutions.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 229px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Meaning<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Regular<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\"><b><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Humble<\/span><\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">To do<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">suru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">itasu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to go<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">iku<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">mairu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to come<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">kuru<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">mairu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to exist<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">iru<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">oru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to look<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">miru<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">haikensuru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to hear\/ask<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">kiku<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">ukagau<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to say<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">iu<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">mosu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to give<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">ageru<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">sashiageru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to receive<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">morau<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">itadaku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to ear<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">taberu<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">itadaku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to drink<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">nomu<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">itadaku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 85px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">to know<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60px;\" align=\"left\">shiru<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 84px;\" align=\"left\">zonjidesu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>For all others, you&rsquo;ll either attach an o- or a go- (based on the same rules as for nouns discussed above), then use the polite stem, then <i>shimasu<\/i> (or <i>shimashita<\/i>, as necessary).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Honorifics &amp; Family Names<\/h2>\n<p>We&rsquo;ve got a whole &lsquo;nother article about this topic, but I&rsquo;ll cover just the essential basics here.<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;ll be referring to each person by their family name, aka their last name (which actually comes first in Japan).<\/p>\n<p>You will then follow that name with <i>san<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>That&rsquo;s your safest bet. No need to get fancy. But, if you <i>do<\/i> want to get a little fancy&hellip;<\/p>\n<p>You can use job titles in place of <i>san<\/i>. Let&rsquo;s say they&rsquo;re Section Chief Tanaka. You can call them Tanka-kacho.<\/p>\n<p>Some good job titles to know:<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 281px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">president<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">shacho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">vice president<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\">Fuku-shacho<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">chairman<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\">kaicho<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">vice chairman<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">Fuku-kaicho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">Senior managing director<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">senmu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">managing director<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">jomu<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">deparment chief<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">bucho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">section chief<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">kacho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">subsection chief<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">kakaricho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">unit chief<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">shunin<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">branch manager<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-family: Liberation Serif;\">shitencho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">factory leader<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\">kojocho<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 184px;\" align=\"left\" height=\"17\">general manager<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97px;\" align=\"left\">honbucho<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>There&rsquo;s many more, but those are perhaps the most important to start with.<\/p>\n<p>Another good set to know is senpai\/kohai. Senpai is a co-worker that has been in the position longer than you. It can also be someone that you look up to for guidance.<\/p>\n<p>Also, we have an interesting article on <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/what-to-call-your-boss-in-japanese\/\">how your boss should be called in Japanese<\/a><\/strong>. Give it a go!<\/p>\n<p>Finally, if someone is or was a teacher or doctor, you can call him by his name and add &ldquo;sensei.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Going above and beyond in language: Don&rsquo;t<\/h2>\n<p>Similar to English, over-doing the politeness thing can easily come across as sarcastic and rude. Make sure to keep and even keel when talking to people in Japanese business situations.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, it&rsquo;s probably best to stay at the mid-range of things than to try to be <i>overly<\/i> respectful. A misplaced &ldquo;-sama&rdquo; could do more damage in the long run than forgetting to state an honorific at all.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Keywords: The Last Piece of Business Japanese<\/h2>\n[table id=19 responsive=scroll\/]\n<h2>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n<h2>Jikoshokai: Introductions<\/h2>\n<p>Jikoshokai is written &#33258;&#24049;&#32057;&#20171; and is how you&rsquo;re going to introduce yourself in Japan. There isn&rsquo;t exactly a formula to introductions in Japan, but there is definitely a general structure, a <i>form<\/i> that you&rsquo;ll need to follow.<\/p>\n<p>A good place to start is with <i>hajimemashite<\/i> which roughly translates to &ldquo;Nice to meet you.&rdquo; Then, introduce your name, last name first. For me that would sound like, &ldquo;Watashi wa arushi edouin tomoshimasu.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>After this is a bit of freestyle. You&rsquo;ll want to inject a touch of personality here. And by personality, I mean state your job title and age (yes, your age&mdash;it&rsquo;s not explicitly necessary, but very common).<\/p>\n<p>Finally&mdash;and this you <i>must<\/i> perform&mdash;you hit them with a solid &ldquo;yoroshiku onegaishimasu.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>What does that mean? Nothing translatable! It&rsquo;s probably the one <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/untranslatable-japanese-words\/\">most untranslatable phrase in Japanese<\/a><\/strong> (seriously&mdash;if you think you&rsquo;ve cracked it, wait until you hear it in yet another context).<\/p>\n<p>In a very rough sense, &ldquo;yoroshiku onegaishimasu&rdquo; is a way of saying that you hope you&rsquo;ll engage well with the party(ies) you&rsquo;re speaking with.<\/p>\n<p>Throw down a nice 45 degree bow and you&rsquo;re <i>solid<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Some situations may call for a bit of something else in the middle (like relevant experience or something, or perhaps nothing at all), but you can feel that out, or ignore it without any risk.<\/p>\n<p>As long as you hit your name and the &ldquo;yoroshiku onegaishimasu,&rdquo; you&rsquo;re golden.<br>\n.<\/p>\n<h2>Aisatsu: Greetings<\/h2>\n<p>Aisatsu, written &#12354;&#12356;&#12373;&#12388;, is a greeting and is an important and peculiarly structured thing in Japan. Let&rsquo;s go through them.<\/p>\n<p>If it&rsquo;s before 11 A.M. you&rsquo;ll want your greeting to be a hearty &ldquo;Ohayo-gozaimasu!&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>If it&rsquo;s after, you&rsquo;ll use the familiar &ldquo;Konnichiwa.&rdquo; Note the elongated &ldquo;n&rdquo; sound, please.<\/p>\n<p>Later in the evening, when it&rsquo;s getting dark, you can switch to, &ldquo;Konbanwa!&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>If you&rsquo;re leaving work while others are still going at it, you&rsquo;ll need to dish out a serious, &ldquo;O-saki ni shitsureishimasu.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>To play off that, if you&rsquo;re leaving any space and want to show respect, you&rsquo;ll want to bow and say, &ldquo;Shitsureishimasu.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>When passing someone at work, you can give them a hearty &ldquo;O-tsukare-sama!&rdquo; (Fun fact, this is also good for hiking when you pass strangers!)<\/p>\n<p>If it&rsquo;s the end of the day, change that slightly to the past tense, &ldquo;O-tsukare-samadeshita!&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Those phrases are good for anyone who&rsquo;s done work. The first means &ldquo;Good work!&rdquo; and the second means &ldquo;You did good work!&rdquo; Use them liberally!<\/p>\n<p>If you <i>really<\/i> want to congratulate someone on some really hard work, you can hit them with <i>gokurosamadesu<\/i>. This is really only used by superiors towards subordinates. Use carefully.<\/p>\n<p>Let&rsquo;s also cover one more for leaving the office. When you leave, you say, &ldquo;Ittekimasu!&rdquo; That&rsquo;s like saying, &ldquo;I&rsquo;m heading out!&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Technically there are other expressions that go along with this, however I&rsquo;ll preface by saying that I&rsquo;ve only heard them in a household setting, and I didn&rsquo;t hear them in my office.<\/p>\n<p>When someone says &ldquo;ittekimasu,&rdquo; the reply is usually &ldquo;iterasshai!&rdquo; When the person returns, they say, &ldquo;Tadaima!&rdquo; and the response is, &ldquo;Okaerinasai!&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>These may be appropriate in some offices and not others. I can&rsquo;t speak for all Japanese work settings. It&rsquo;s definitely a good thing to know though!<\/p>\n<p>One last good one to know is &ldquo;o-sewa-ni-narimasu,&rdquo; which is like, &ldquo;I&rsquo;m in your care,&rdquo; or less literally, &ldquo;Thank you for your cooperation.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>You can also thank someone in this way for something that&rsquo;s already passed by changing the end to the past tense, hence, &ldquo;o-sewa-ni-narimashita.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Some useful keywords<\/h2>\n<p>Note that many of these words have the same meaning. You&rsquo;ll need to &ldquo;read the room&rdquo; and figure out what is best for your circumstance.<\/p>\n<p>Highly conservative space? Stick to more Japanese words. Modern company? Use the <i>katakana<\/i> equivalents offered.<\/p>\n<p>For what it&rsquo;s worth, the katakana words are no less than their Japanese versions, you&rsquo;ll just find them more appropriate in certain situations. So stay sharp!<\/p>\n<p>You&rsquo;ll also notice that the &ldquo;katakana words&rdquo; look\/sound a <i>lot<\/i> like English words. This is both a bit of a blessing and a curse.<\/p>\n<p>It&rsquo;s a blessing in that you&rsquo;ll have lots of familiar words to lean on. It&rsquo;s a curse in that they&rsquo;re pronounced different, not necessarily ubiquitous, and have specialized meanings that don&rsquo;t translate perfectly.<\/p>\n<p>Keep these special words in mind, and also keep your ears alert for secrets you can use in the workplace.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Some suggestions to acclimatize (TV &amp; Movies!)<\/h2>\n<p>A fantastic way to acclimatize yourself to business Japanese is to watch some dramas.<\/p>\n<p>Certainly, you will need to go into them with your pinch of salt at the ready&mdash;they are often stylized depictions of the workplace and shouldn&rsquo;t be taken at 100% face value.<\/p>\n<p>That said, some shows are decent interpretations of a real world Japanese working environment.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the characters themselves, through their performances, will make it clear if they are speaking in an exaggerated way, or if they&rsquo;re more down-to-earth.<\/p>\n<p>A great show to begin with is Hanzawa Naoki. Not only is this show truly fantastic, it was also massively popular in Japan.<\/p>\n<p>So, you get a twofer&mdash;you get a show that will give you some pretty realistic business Japanese and a show that gives you something to talk about with your new Japanese friends\/colleagues\/clients.<\/p>\n<p>For some context, Hanzawa Naoki followers the incorrigible titular character as he faces down corruption and crime while working as a bank clerk.<\/p>\n<p>Coming out of a somewhat similar setting is Shudan Sasen, a drama centering around a bank employee and his efforts to be as ethically responsible as possible&hellip; in a giant corporate bank.<\/p>\n<p>The main character speaks in a somewhat stylized way, but everyone else seems (to me) to be pretty much realistic.<\/p>\n<p>One more recommendation is a film called Nanatsu no Kaigi.<\/p>\n<p>This one is <i>not<\/i> about a bank, but rather about electronics salespeople and how they deal with corruption inside their own company.<\/p>\n<p>All of these dramas are really fantastic.<\/p>\n<p>They all kept me on the edge of my seat, despite my, shall we say, ideological differences with the underlying premises. They&rsquo;re <i>that<\/i> good!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Last words on Business Japanese<\/h2>\n<p>Business language is a minefield in any language. Heck, it&rsquo;s a veritable danger zone in one&rsquo;s own native language (Japanese people are known to struggle mightily with the ins and outs themselves!).<\/p>\n<p>So, use this as a launching point, but consider finding some professional classes if you are expecting to be in regular Japanese-language business circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>The Japanese themselves need special training, so it&rsquo;s no shame in you reaching out as well.<\/p>\n<p>But, after all that hard work, you can pat yourself on the back and whisper a nice &ldquo;otsukare.&rdquo;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Speaking proper Japanese in a business setting opens a whole can of worms on the language learning experience. It&rsquo;s not enough to know the right words&mdash;you have to know when to use them, how to conjugate them, how to understand the ever-present sub-text, and, finally, how to use your body appropriately. That&rsquo;s right, learning business &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7143,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable-in-feed":false,"article-schema-type":"","disable-critical-css":false,"_convertkit_action_broadcast_export":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37,1155],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7091","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-japanese","category-japanese-vocabulary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7091","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7091"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7091\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24393,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7091\/revisions\/24393"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7091"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7091"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7091"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}