{"id":9599,"date":"2020-12-02T16:59:10","date_gmt":"2020-12-02T16:59:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/?p=9599"},"modified":"2023-04-10T13:18:07","modified_gmt":"2023-04-10T13:18:07","slug":"comma-before-per-se","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-per-se\/","title":{"rendered":"Comma before &#8220;per se&#8221;: The Definitive Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>img#mv-trellis-img-1::before{padding-top:150%; }img#mv-trellis-img-1{display:block;}<\/style><p><b>Introduction<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A well-known rhetoric tool is an anaphora which is the strategic repetition of word sequence that drives emphasis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-usage-in-particular\/\"><b>In particular<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, reflexive pronouns such as &ldquo;itself&rdquo; and &ldquo;themselves&rdquo; are probably some of the most commonly used anaphoric words in everyday English.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is an anaphorical Latin phrase that roughly means &ldquo;by itself&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which is used in emphasizing attributes without directly using reflexive pronouns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/commas-in-adresses\/\"><b>address<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> this linguistic nuance, this post particularly focuses on comma-related guidelines as well as the usage of &ldquo;per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in sentences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Do we need a comma before &ldquo;per se&rdquo;?<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><strong>More often than not, we need not place a comma before &ldquo;per se&rdquo;. Some cases, however, would require a pre-<a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-rules\/\" title=\"comma placement\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">comma placement<\/a> such as when it is used in series, within and after a parenthesis, as well as after an introductory expression. In contrast, commas are omissible when it is used after the subject and at the end of a sentence so as not to disrupt the rhythm in a rather formal text. A pre-comma is unnecessary, too, when it is used as the last word in an introductory expression, but a post-comma must be used instead.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Comma before per se<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a Latin word adapted in English which is chiefly used in law-related texts to denote the meaning of &ldquo;in and of itself&rdquo; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-or\/\"><b>or<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> simply &ldquo;by itself&rdquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the result of the functional combination of prepositions and reflexive pronouns, thereby creating a rather flexible adverb in the process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since the word is based on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/lrc.la.utexas.edu\/eieol\/latol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Latin language<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, errors of its usage and application are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-not\/\"><b>not<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> uncommon.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The phrase &ldquo;per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">has become a buzzphrase and a filler expression in modern-day English.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has become a convenient substitute for &ldquo;so to speak,&rdquo; &ldquo;you know,&rdquo; and even &ldquo;exactly,&rdquo; which is most likely because of its fancy and eloquent connotation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second word&rsquo;s pronunciation is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-also-the-definitive-guide\/\"><b>also<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> homophonic to the verb &ldquo;say<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&rdquo; <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which has also perpetuated the passable misconception.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Literally translating, &ldquo;per&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">may denote the meaning of through, by, in, or of,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">while &ldquo;se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">could mean itself, herself, himself, or themselves<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Commas do not usually come before &ldquo;per se,&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but rather after it<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-instead\/\"><b>instead<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-although\/\"><b>Although<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> infrequent, a few instances may induce a pre-comma insertion, and they are listed in the following sub-sections.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9602\" src=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1.jpg\" alt=\"Comma Before Per Se\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-735x1103.jpg 735w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-223x335.jpg 223w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-231x347.jpg 231w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-347x520.jpg 347w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-427x640.jpg 427w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-512x768.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" data-pin-media=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1.jpg\"><\/noscript><img loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-9602 eager-load\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%201500'%3E%3Crect%20width='1000'%20height='1500'%20style='fill:%23e3e3e3'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\" alt=\"Comma Before Per Se\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1500\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" data-pin-media=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1.jpg\" id=\"mv-trellis-img-1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1.jpg 320w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-735x1103.jpg 735w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-223x335.jpg 223w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-231x347.jpg 231w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-347x520.jpg 347w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-427x640.jpg 427w, https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Comma-Before-Per-Se-1-512x768.jpg 512w\" data-svg=\"1\" data-trellis-processed=\"1\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>&ldquo;Per se&rdquo; in series<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A serial list of more than two words or phrases requires mandatory <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-after-and\/\"><b>and<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> optional commas in marking the segregation of entities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Oxford comma, which may be inserted before the coordinating conjunction, is omissible as long as it does not create any misinterpretation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">per se <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-including\/\"><b>included<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a serial list, particularly after the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-after-first\/\"><b>first<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> entity and before the conjunction, necessitates a post-comma placement.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/intrinsic-in-a-sentence\/\">Intrinsically<\/a>, per se(,) and by its nature are synonymous.<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>&ldquo;Per se&rdquo; in parenthesis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A parenthesis is a grammatically-irrelevant stylistic device that aims to clarify, understate, digress, or add humor to the statement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These parenthetical elements are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-either\/\"><b>either<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> accidentally or intentionally inserted by the writer to create emphasis and evoke persuasion.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A writer may opt to use &ldquo;per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as a parenthetical adverb to highlight an idea mentioned in the sentence, which oftentimes is the subject or object.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When &ldquo;per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is parenthetically used, a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/coma-vs-comma\/\"><b>comma<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is placed before, as well as after it.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">It is not the ignorance of the law, per se, that creates liability; it is the lack of attempt to become aware of it that does.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parenthetical expressions are always singled out <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-with\/\"><b>with<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> commas, again, to draw out the emphatic purpose and the grammatical dispensability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b><strong>&ldquo;Per se&rdquo; a<\/strong>fter a parenthesis<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-now\/\"><b>Now<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that parenthetical expressions are explained, we can infer that a pre-comma is also necessary before &ldquo;per se&rdquo; when it comes after a parenthesis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since mid-sentence parenthetical expressions end with commas, it follows that the same comma precedes &ldquo;per se&rdquo; when used afterward.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Contrary to the popular belief, the object of addiction, such as a drug or an activity, per se does not magnetically attract humans.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the sentence above, the parenthetical expression is added to clarify the meaning of the subject, and &ldquo;per se&rdquo; refers back to the parenthesis and the subject.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b><strong>&ldquo;Per se&rdquo; a<\/strong>fter an introductory expression<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introductory expressions are words, phrases, or clauses that aim to connect sentences or create an initial context to a statement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adverbial connectors, <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/conjunctions\/\" title=\"conjunctions\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">conjunctions<\/a>, sentence fragments, and dependent clauses may be used to start a sentence off.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These expressions are offset with commas to signal a pause to the reader and thereby providing spare time for the initial context to sink in.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-thus\/\"><b>Thus<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, when &ldquo;per se&rdquo;<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">follows introductory elements, a pre-comma placement is essentially done.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">In particular, per se is of Latin origin, not Greek.<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>When is a comma unnecessary before &ldquo;per se&rdquo;<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As &ldquo;per se&rdquo; is syntactically recognized as an adverb of manner that describes how something happens by referring back to a word, phrase, or even a clause.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As it is a slightly complex adverb, we may simply think of its meaning as a single-word adverbial equivalent to &ldquo;intrinsically.&rdquo;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That said, it is easier to understand how and where to use it in a sentence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its main purpose, again, is to reflect a contextually-implied idea without using agentive prepositions nor reflexive pronouns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per se may usually appear after the subject, at the end of the sentence or clause, at the end of a parenthetical insertion, or even as part of a subject or object.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When used these ways, a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/unnecessary-commas\/\"><b>pre-comma won&rsquo;t be necessary<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but a post-comma may be placed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let&rsquo;s define these circumstances in detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b><strong>When &ldquo;per se&rdquo; is used post-subject&nbsp;<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We may put &ldquo;per se&rdquo; after the subject or subjects to anaphorically describe the manner in which they happen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Per se&rdquo; is often found in this position when the writer wants to show more focus or emphasis on the adverb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And, a pre-comma is unimportant in this case so as not to create a choppy sentence.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Arguments and misunderstandings per se are not entirely unhealthy.<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b><strong>When &ldquo;per se&rdquo; is used in sentence-final position<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since &ldquo;per se&rdquo; is an adverb, it may also be positioned at the end of the sentence which would mean the same.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The difference with the earlier example, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-though\/\"><b>though<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is that the adverb becomes deemphasized when it is placed at the end of the sentence as opposed to placing it earlier.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">Arguments and misunderstandings are not entirely unhealthy per se.<\/div><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The last two types of construction differ from the parenthetical usage in terms of formality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This means that the comma omission around &ldquo;per se&rdquo; entails a more formal and neutral tone compared to using it parenthetically.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><b><strong>When &ldquo;per se&rdquo; is used in introductory clause-final potion<\/strong><\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next example demonstrates the comma placement after &ldquo;per se&rdquo; in more complex sentence construction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to structural form, the sentence below is an example of a complex sentence type introduced by a subordinating conjunction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&ldquo;Per se&rdquo; may also be used to end an introductory <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/clauses-vs-phrases\/\"><b>dependent clause<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which does not require a pre-comma placement, but rather afterward.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-note\" style=\"border-color:#e5e54c;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\"><div class=\"su-note-inner su-u-clearfix su-u-trim\" style=\"background-color:#FFFF66;border-color:#ffffff;color:#333333;border-radius:3px;-moz-border-radius:3px;-webkit-border-radius:3px;\">While there is no direct genetic evidence to the cause of alcoholism per se, a hard-to-pinpoint subgroup demonstrated that genes can indirectly influence the susceptibility to alcoholism instead.<\/div><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since language breathes arbitrariness and novelty, humans invariably create expressions to better emphasize and represent thoughts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As language is the dress of thought, it is part of the human responsibility to preserve languages, even dead ones like Latin.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hence, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/comma-before-or-after-despite\/\"><b>despite<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the misuse of some words, language experts and educators must do their part in facilitating linguistic conservation.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction A well-known rhetoric tool is an anaphora which is the strategic repetition of word sequence that drives emphasis. In particular, reflexive pronouns such as &ldquo;itself&rdquo; and &ldquo;themselves&rdquo; are probably some of the most commonly used anaphoric words in everyday English. &ldquo;Per se&rdquo; is an anaphorical Latin phrase that roughly means &ldquo;by itself&rdquo; which is &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9601,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"disable-in-feed":false,"article-schema-type":"Article","disable-critical-css":false,"_convertkit_action_broadcast_export":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,1119,1116],"tags":[80,227,226],"class_list":["post-9599","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english","category-comma-rules","category-grammar","tag-comma","tag-comma-before-per-se","tag-per-se"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9599","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9599"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9599\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24525,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9599\/revisions\/24525"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9601"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9599"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9599"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/linguaholic.com\/linguablog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9599"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}